Knee PEx Special Tests
MCL	Valgus stress test: Stabilize lateral thigh; apply abduction force to lower leg Laxity indicates MCL injury
ACL	Anterior drawer test • Patient supine with knee flexed • Grip proximal tibia with both hands & pull anteriorly Lachman test • Place knee at 30 degrees flexion • Stabilize distal femur with 1 hand & pull proximal tibia anteriorly with the other Laxity of tibia indicates ACL injury
Meniscus	Thessaly test • Patient stands on 1 leg with knee flexed 20 degrees • Patient then internally & externally rotates on flexed knee McMurray test • Passive knee flexion & extension while holding the knee in internal or external rotation

	Patellar Dislocation
RFs	·       Joint laxity ·       Misaligned lower extremity ·       Tight iliotibial band ·       Patellar subluxation ·       Competitive sports, dance, military training
S/S	How injury happens? ·       Quick, twisting motion around a flexed knee ·       Feeling of knee giving way, severe pain, popping noise Examination: ·       lateral dislocation of patella, ·       ⤵️ extension

	Patellar Dislocation
RFs	·       Joint laxity ·       Misaligned lower extremity ·       Tight iliotibial band ·       Patellar subluxation ·       Competitive sports, dance, military training
S/S	·       Quick, twisting motion around a flexed knee ·       Feeling of knee giving way, severe pain, popping noise ·       Examination: lateral dislocation of patella, ⤵️  extension

Pes anserinus pain syndrome / anserine bursitis

Cause: gait, overuse, or trauma. RF: obesity, DM, knee OA, and angular deformity of the knee. Clx: ·       Pts experience localized pain over the anteromedial tibia, ·       Examination shows localized tenderness over the medial tibial condyle just below the joint line; ·       No swelling, erythema, and induration. Dx: Clx Tx: Quadriceps strengthening exercises + NSAIDs

	Popliteal (Baker) cyst
Causes	Extrusion of fluid from knee joint space into semimembranosus/gastrocnemius bursa
RFs	·       Trauma (Meniscal tear) ·       Underlying joint disease (Osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis)
Clx	·       Asx bulge behind knee that diminishes with flexion ·       Posterior knee pain, swelling, stiffness
Comp	·       Venous compression (leg/ankle swelling) ·       Dissection into calf (erythema, edema, positive Homan sign) ·       Cyst rupture (acute calf pain, warmth, erythema, ecchymosis)